A Beginner's Guide to Understanding the Basics of Auto Electricity

introduction

Automotive electrical systems are an essential part of a modern vehicle's operation, with lighting, ignition, charging, and comfort systems relying on the vehicle's electrical system. For beginners, automotive electrical systems may seem complex, but understanding some of the basics can help diagnose minor problems, save on repair costs, and improve vehicle performance. In this article, we'll review the basic principles of a vehicle's electrical system, its main components, common problems, and how to address them.

1. The basic components of the car's electrical system

A. Battery

The battery is the primary source of electrical power in a vehicle, providing the current needed to start the engine and power the electrical systems when the engine is turned off.

• The typical voltage of a car battery is 12 volts .
• It contains lead plates immersed in sulfuric acid to produce electrical energy.
• When the car is running, the battery is recharged by the alternator .

b. Generator (dynamo)

The alternator is responsible for charging the battery while the engine is running, and generates electrical current to power the electrical systems.

• It depends on the rotating belt (belts) connected to the engine.
• It has a voltage regulator to adjust the output voltage and prevent battery damage.

C. Electric motor (starter/starter)

The electric motor uses high current from the battery to spin the motor and power it.

• Operates when the ignition key is turned on.
• It contains a solenoid that acts as a high-power electrical switch.

D. Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

It is the electronic brain of the car , managing many systems such as ignition, fuel, and exhaust emissions.

• It receives signals from sensors (such as oxygen sensor and pressure sensor).
• Controls ignition timing, fuel ratio, and safety systems.

e. Connection and fusion wires (fuses)

Wires carry electrical current between the various components of an electrical system.

Fuses , on the other hand, are designed to protect the system from short circuits and sudden voltage surges.

2. How the car's electrical system works

A. Electrical power cycle

1. When you turn the car key, the battery pro